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1999年考研英语真题及答案与解析% D# l4 x- O; z1 N2 z3 z
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Part ⅠStructure and Vocabulary(每题0.5分，共20分)
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5 y& Y5 [$ r1 a' [$ A" NSection A: h. ^8 V2 j8 l+ @( w# q* J/ R
Directions:
$ l# v" i) ^! Z) F$ r: _- h7 oBeneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
- e' d: i) Y7 B: c* EExample:
+ u- k T0 ^* q$ DI have been to the Great Wall three times [] 1979.1 F v: \- ^& N1 \7 J+ L, x- r$ Y
［A］from［B］after［C］for ［D］since- c! e, N) z9 j; t! A. ]" C
The sentence should read, I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose ［D］. Sample Answer& d+ F) Y9 w U
［A］ ［B］ ［C］ ［D］/ F% L6 x& {' H# g* p; p+ ?
1、Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery [] just around the corner was untrue.
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【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查动名词的用法。从句中的谓语是WAS，在填入部分中需用现在分词BEING，作定语，修饰名词RECOVERY。
( R/ U2 y7 `* ~; Y3 k6 v2 b ［A］would be 4 @, x \: A: v
［B］to be
8 q8 g" m8 _- Y l ［C］was
+ V( W* {. o& l6 Y ［D］being : X! f6 { i% \! P. B7 i
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- R C$ u, Z; U& L2、Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills [] people each year than automobile accidents.
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; h" Z" s8 q1 { G H4 A6 g【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查倍数表达问题。该句是个比较级，比……多7倍用SEVEN TIMES MORE ...THAN...。0 j; W5 @8 o& x5 y; }
［A］seven more times
6 `+ C$ R8 z* z% x2 K, L5 b% B ［B］seven times more 8 v5 i) J5 A/ [" l
［C］over seven times
}+ C) ^6 B+ W ［D］seven times
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6 K6 H. }# G3 |3 H1 u3、It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes [] place in our ever?changing world.4 E1 O o0 J. i4 S) F, E+ L7 I# U! I
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（本题分值：0.5分）
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【正确答案】
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! m6 x# K( R, P; ~［注释］本题考查非谓语动词的用法。TAKE PLACE需用主动态。在这里应选择现在分词。该句意思是，“人们之间交谈的减少应怪罪现代生活的节奏以及在这个世界中莫名其妙的变化”。
/ Z/ N7 `; a6 Y5 p2 m5 O ［A］taking : p& \. [1 t. Y: ~) u9 Z6 A* \
［B］to take
# Y& j* z0 d% ^; u ［C］take
+ b9 `1 i5 o6 m& E2 o. t ［D］taken
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4、This is an exciting area of study,and one [] which new applications are being discovered almost daily.# V7 F0 B2 }# a$ a
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（本题分值：0.5分）
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【正确答案】7 v+ O0 @7 [8 D% l% k
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［注释］本题考查关系代词用法知识。ONE指的是“研究领域”，在这个领域中几乎每天可以发现新的应用。所以需用IN WHICH。
6 T* h3 Z$ E6 j) x( g ［A］from N7 {8 n# G8 F: L
［B］by ! C1 k. u9 Q, Z3 B
［C］in
8 Q# ?" ?3 ^! `( f" k- K& t ［D］through
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+ h8 Q& a$ P8 s$ V6 k0 L5 W0 k5、[] can be seen from the comparison of these figures,the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.
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, }7 k. v! s- ?! s7 d4 \5 U【正确答案】 R9 J0 G! e, E5 E7 e
A
8 c V) t6 n/ v4 j［注释］本题考查关系代词的用法。AS引导的非限制性定语从句，通常修饰整个主句或主句的部分内容。相同的句子有，AS IS SHOWN IN THE TABLE,THE U.S.A IS THE MAJOR COPPER?PRODUCING COUNTRY.2 l* \ i" I2 r" _
［A］As ; m/ ^+ G9 `+ f8 A2 H
［B］What 1 l9 Q1 G- X2 A. t6 n% a
［C］That
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/ ~; g+ Z/ }+ t# ]6 n) \. l3 W- g6、Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony,I was unable to attend [] such short notice.5 V& U% Q% x6 C5 t
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【正确答案】
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- \9 j3 M8 Y8 j( m" q8 i［注释］本题考查介词与名词的固定搭配。ON SHORT NOTICE是一个习惯表达方式，意思是“得到通知的时间很短”。需选择ON。( [ u1 F/ o7 x' d
［A］to
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［C］with
6 z' o( ~6 g7 K' Z9 `; x ［D］on
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) y }) v& o B6 i9 Z7、California has more light than it knows [] to do with but everything else is expensive.( H% ]4 n5 o* o. ~
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【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查“连接词+不定式”的结构用法。KNOW后面是由WHAT引出的不定式。该句意思为，“加利福尼亚拥有的太阳光要比已知可利用的多，但除此之外，一切都很昂贵。”
3 G' O3 |, Q, P v, c$ C ［A］how
+ V, i7 I/ r! X$ r ［B］what
9 m* I. k! P7 s ［C］which
5 M4 s0 @ W B3 C7 W3 |) m ［D］where $ u3 w7 g V2 a# C8 f) C. l! q
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8、The solution works only for couples who are self?employed,don?t have small children and get along [] to spend most of their time together.# [8 e M7 G {2 S9 Q) W9 I
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【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查副词的用法。GET ALONG WELL是“相处很好”，ENOUGH在修饰副词和名词时，一般位于后面，相似的例子有，“IT IS GOOD ENOUGH TO...”。2 q% ]9 X+ q( q/ [" ]
［A］so well 7 ]$ O5 l9 U8 Y7 e3 x& X; ^) K4 @
［B］too well
8 ?- Q" D# Z; A! N ［C］well as
2 N" l* T5 J" j& K$ T) A ［D］well enough
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9、Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about [] compliments to his political leaders. t4 j# E5 d1 b7 F0 M
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（本题分值：0.5分）
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3 I# a9 u1 B7 I# } a% X【正确答案】
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5 y9 N7 o, r0 N5 t5 F" z［注释］本题考查固定搭配知识。BE (NOT) ABOUT TO DO 表示“即将做……”。所以，［C］是正确的答案。
* w6 E: S" A* e& O( G ［A］paying ! F2 j: N& U5 c+ f7 j2 G
［B］having paid
* h A* E+ k% b! m* y$ o ［C］to pay
+ V7 A- _/ ^# I0 G7 E. k ［D］to have paid
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10、These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than [] in traditional media.- @. v' Q' Q; N4 p; r3 y. [
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【正确答案】4 t+ I* h+ [ q; j' i
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［注释］本题涉及THAN引导的比较状语从句的省略问题。在GREATER...THAN的结构中，THAN引导的是限制性定语从句，相等于THAN THOSE WHICH EXIST IN TRADITIONAL MEDIA.
5 L7 ^% x8 Y/ b) Q ［A］exist
% z* D5 B2 v7 n ［B］exists ) Q/ z2 h' r W; T* |/ D
［C］existing
P% U+ K6 \: A- ^/ e) I3 _& y ［D］to exist / K, I/ \2 _7 a7 C
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; p! i7 g W- C' D; ~Section B v. s8 J9 s. f& x, m! H5 J& L* t
Directions: j, r2 _6 q, C1 W) P: K) G
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)& h) P7 m6 l" Y5 N# a7 v
Example:. m4 e) a: A4 o/ n# ^5 M
A number of［A］ foreign visitors were taken［B］ to the industrial exhibition, which［C］ they saw［D］ many new products. Answer ［C］ is wrong. The sentence should read, A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose ［C］.1 F* r7 E3 H8 \$ T5 r
Sample Answer H& o" y: {( Y/ @4 N. b; T
［A］ ［B］ ［C］［D］- O1 Y5 q- c# F( r" g1 D2 o
11、Your math instructor would have been ［A］ happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone ［B］ and explained ［C］ that your parents had been ［D］ ill at the time.6 f/ l1 j, `$ [" D' x
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【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查时态问题，解题关键在于考生能否排除句中虚拟语气的干扰。HAD BEEN改为WERE.表示过去的动作或状态，需用过去时，该句中“父母生病”不用虚拟语气，只是过去发生过的一件事情。+ I1 R) K0 a# g4 s+ c; s
［A］
1 z- y; ^9 R; s2 f8 g' S) Q/ S ［B］
3 Y6 |4 c! Q( u+ J2 D" ~% B9 j( L ［C］ 6 b0 f( n8 {" ~" i! ?& x( T9 L7 B& V
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12、As the children become financially ［A］ independent of ［B］the family, the emphasis on ［C］family financial security will shift from protection to save ［D］ for the retirement years. h* [9 ]/ y- v
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（本题分值：0.5分）
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［注释］本题考查动名词用法。TO SAVE改为TO SAVING.FROM…TO的词组中，TO是介词，不是引出不定式的TO。所以需将SAVE改成SAVING。
6 B- ^: T5 M# e. \7 M ［A］ ( i& L# e8 i/ O; v
［B］
3 o# x% P* F) K- o w' q6 ] ［C］ ; u8 f+ ^+ J0 l0 h* b5 t
［d］ 7 E4 g; d( _- C$ x( S5 y0 l; V' H
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/ R: A7 E/ R# L& Z" f. h; z0 ?3 q13、Were ［A］ the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could ［B］ dramatically transform a family-ran ［C］ enterprise that still gets 90%of its ［D］ revenues from newspapers.
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［注释］本题考查现在分词与过去分词作定语时的区别。A FAMILY?RAN改成A FAMILY?RUN。应该用过去分词，修饰后面的ENTERPRISE。
6 r, T: Z1 g7 @3 }4 H1 S1 F: J ［A］ 8 U2 l2 U/ }( a K- D' ^/ Z
［B］ $ M# G3 r. M8 R- p3 E
［C］ * g- e1 @; e* Q
［d］
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^' ?% R) i p& J; c& u+ A! h14、Symposium talks will cover a wide range ［A］ of subjects from ［B］ overfishing to physical and environment ［C］ factors that affect the populations ［D］ of different species.
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【正确答案】
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. a+ |! c' h# {! M2 _［注释］本题要求考生辨析代词ONE和THAT的用法。ONE改为THAT。THAT指的是前面的ROLE。不是泛指的某一个。
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［B］
A) |- Z* D& X6 _. J ［C］
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4 S7 I& E/ |, @& }. T" `; q15、Conversation calls for a［A］willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one ［B］of listener,［C］and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by ［D］both.
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（本题分值：0.5分）
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【正确答案】
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［A］
6 D5 m2 I! L F4 {2 \ ［B］
" O" x0 D- w+ F; [) `% z Q ［C］
3 ?4 r1 w m/ b+ d; C2 d ［d］ ; u, k# M2 r! q+ ^4 T
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, O2 X% v: l- _16、If two theories are equal to ［A］their ability to account for ［B］a body of data,the theory that does so ［C］ with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred.［D］
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+ M6 H4 m, }- d% h' s; }【正确答案】
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［注释］本题涉及固定搭配问题。TO改为IN，表示“某……方面”是相同的。- w* d+ D2 i" J5 U" q5 a' L
［A］ ; ]& S6 N7 U" Y: g" I6 f
［B］
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［d］ - J9 u% ]" S/ M) Q) o
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17、The Committee adopted a resolution requiring ［A］ the seven automakers selling ［B］ the most cars in the state making ［C］2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free ［D］ by 1998.3 V, G8 l9 f+ ]- f6 T( Z6 E
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【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查考生对REQUIRE SB. TO DO STH. 这一结构的熟识程度。MAKING改为TO MAKE。REQUIRE要求后面的宾语补足语应是不定式。全句意思是：“委员会通过一项决议，要求在本州销售大部分汽车的七名汽车厂商，在1998年之前应使其产生的汽车中的2%成为排放清洁尾气的汽车。”
; V2 y7 x0 H9 @ ［A］
% k4 {' |+ M( ~4 f6 ~1 o/ t0 c) H ［B］
% l( I1 M9 o; a) L, B ［C］
5 m" J( { Y3 _2 o( Z ［d］ . P5 j3 g6 D$ R0 F" S% J
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18、As long as ［A］ poor peolpe, who in general are colored, are in conflict with ［B］ richer people who in general are lighter ［C］skin,［D］there?s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world., ~3 A5 n0 P8 s8 M \' X) y
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5 g% `% S5 ^5 m/ z- b! r+ v* C【正确答案】/ {: w0 C1 ]- b. T. K) ^
D
! i$ @- N' y- O5 r$ |［注释］本题考查句子的平行结构。SKIN改为SKINNED。需用形容词SKINNED,表示“具有……的皮肤”。* ?# n+ w, c2 z
［A］
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19、All those left undone ［A］ may sound greatly ［B］ in theory,but even the truest believer ［C］ has great difficulty when ［D］ it comes to specifics.* {# Z! y( z+ Y! P4 T$ U' i
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（本题分值：0.5分）
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【正确答案】
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5 V! L( ? }3 z4 D［注释］本题考查实义动词作系动词用时的区别。GREATLY改为GREAT。SOUND是系动词，后面应用形容词。1 x* q' |( e0 s4 N" @% I
［A］
/ e2 Z0 x! ~$ u" M6 [' q* t. a ［B］ ; y$ v% V% z& x6 _7 l( {& w; G ^
［C］
6 B/ r# R4 \0 {2 h$ P' l( r ［d］
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20、Even if［A］ automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on ［B］alternative fuels,［C］the cars won?t catch on in a big way when ［D］ drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
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［注释］本题考查连词的使用问题。WHEN改为UNLESS。主句意思是，“采用替代燃料的汽车无法大量生产，除非开车人能够在加油站用这种燃料装满油箱。”
/ {) S& ]! V. n2 c ［A］ 9 t1 p: W( p0 b5 G: R
［B］
; p$ ^' V& E+ z% D5 a% G ［C］ 7 `2 z, Q% j1 \5 a& }; u
［d］
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Section C
3 A; z, P/ C" \1 t9 }Directions:
0 k* q7 D0 B$ LBeneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)7 V5 |5 L# f/ h# b" u/ |% |
Example:
; Y- I% r; |/ NThe lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.
# F% u3 U2 ]$ V* c［A］vanished ［B］scattered ［C］abandoned ［D］rejected; {$ ^! j& p& R
The sentence should read, The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose ［C］.
$ J/ ^7 H8 }! l5 S$ I O/ |6 z# r) L7 \# ^Sample Answer［A］ ［B］ ［C］ ［D］
+ s8 u0 A5 P e( [, i21、An important property of a scientific theory is its ability tofurther research and further thinking about a particular topic.
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【正确答案】
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- M0 i& m" O6 Z" T! ~［注释］本题考查词义的使用辨析。STIMULATE 是激发。［B］ RENOVATE “更新，修理”；［C］ AROUSE 是“唤起，引起”；［D］ ADVOCATE 是“拥护，提倡”。
$ ?# C4 A' ]0 I9 k+ j9 v0 x5 l ［A］ stimulate 1 |/ H9 j& k. ?% N' ~- z7 |
［B］ renovate
# A; [9 v) N' }8 ~* a- ? ［C］ arouse
2 a* `) ?, i* g {: U3 [% s ［D］ advocate * `% T, ^2 @7 D/ |, J4 K. p- C
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22、Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical.
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［注释］本题考查惯用的动宾搭配知识。 CONSIDERATIONS 是“需求，要求”。［A］ OBLIGATIONS 是“职责”；［B］ REGULATIONS 是“规章”；［C］ OBSERVATIONS 是“观察”。7 z5 r. h* D+ n
［A］ obligations
, j4 I4 J: I( ?) ^) f" D ［B］ regulations 7 n- _9 c; f% Q5 i
［C］ observations ; L6 c8 \0 D$ G
［D］ considerations
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23、Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against lossthe bread-winner?s death.
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8 c2 t3 I! S( q& [【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查介词短语知识，尤其是［C］与［D］的用法区别。AS A RESULT OF 是“由于”。［A］ AT THE COST OF 是“以……为代价”；［B］ ON THE VERGE OF 是“接近于，濒于”；［D］ FOR THE SAKE OF 是“为了……”。5 D9 ~/ R+ j; t! k8 g, n) }
［A］ at the cost of
- T4 B9 G: l; i) _$ @ ［B］ on the verge of % D! e: V1 x" f1 m. X! A- K
［C］ as a result of / B& q1 K$ y2 x
［D］ for the sake of . j% A& V% @3 ?( v7 F/ ^0 \6 C
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1 W: P( \, Q, ~* V$ ]5 O8 t. D3 f2 Z24、In education there should be a goodamong the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.
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【正确答案】; L, ?# P9 y0 K) i* B
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［注释］本题考查考生对词义的准确把握。BALANCE 是“平衡”。［A］ DISTRIBUTION 是“分发，分配”；［C］ COMBINATION 是“结合，联合”；［D］ ASSIGNMENT 是“分配，委派”。) G' K1 M; |9 d+ P$ X
［A］ distribution ; a8 u. r" m* ~2 J
［B］ balance % V5 i! O# a9 v2 o
［C］ combination 3 t: i& o! T( T, w% }2 A, @
［D］ assignment / b# W/ ^: x! j+ L0 [
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25、 The American dream is mostduring the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism." @+ j7 X w8 z9 _
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［注释］本题考查形容词词义辨析。PLAUSIBLE 是“似乎有理的，似乎可能的”。［B］ PATRIOTIC 是“爱国的”；C) PRIMITIVE 是“原始的”；［D］ PARTIAL“部分的”。
2 E# `# X2 y; |4 ` W2 D( a' g& q ［A］ plausible
% B/ Z) R# O' u) S/ V3 O N ［B］ patriotic
5 ]) ]6 x a! Z ［C］ primitive
- I) i. s* W w/ v. m) D& C ［D］ partial
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. Q- `) C% _& Q) V8 d26、Poverty is not in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.
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［注释］本题考查考生利用上下句意思上的转折关系来做题的能力。PREVALENT 是“流行的，盛行的”。［A］ RARE 是“稀有的，罕见的”；［B］ TEMPORARY 是“临时的，暂时的”；［D］ SEGMENTAL 是“部分的，分割的”。+ A+ q+ s1 i; l# ~ F
［A］ rare 9 F3 n6 Z0 W* e9 \2 W
［B］ temporary + i |: k) m/ _ f
［C］ prevalent l) Z' u5 F: Q( C
［D］ segmental ' u, F6 i9 S" {9 P* l" y+ l
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7 v& h6 s* @7 R9 @. z) K27、People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in populated areas.
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A
4 E& w; c. c& r+ e［注释］本题考查词汇的惯用搭配。DENSELY 是“密集地，稠密地”。［B］ INTENSELY 是“强烈地，剧烈地”；［C］ ABUNDANTLY 是“丰富地”；［D］ HIGHLY 是“高度地”。
( N% f# Q4 J( m ［A］ densely
( ~% {4 M) c/ A ［B］ intensely / D6 {9 a3 F3 t! ?# G7 o7 }, B
［C］ abundantly ; ?/ l, |+ n* L% g2 H. N* H
［D］ highly
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. P0 I/ v: r' V$ l" k# n28、As a way ofthe mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.
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B［注释］本题考查动词短语的用法。COPING WITH 是“处理”。［A］ PICKING UP 是“拾起”；［C］ PASSING OUT 是“昏倒；死”；［D］ GETTING ACROSS 是“使通过”。
( ~2 c6 O8 G: ]* z, I/ K ［A］ picking up 2 b1 N; b& c1 a3 u: [) r/ @8 J
［B］ coping with 3 j6 R/ u4 R# O8 E; Y0 A( U8 v; ~
［C］ passing out
- m& r; A$ \8 X) W3 w7 A+ M2 C ［D］ getting across : T1 U$ d# h& I+ R3 s
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29、Tom?s mother tried hard to persuade him tofrom his intention to invest his savings in stock market.& A. n! y) x& L
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0 u( |8 b& ]" Q: ?# w; @( r【正确答案】4 q' k. m9 H/ c0 X k
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［注释］本题涉及动词短语及其搭配用法。BACK DOWN 是“放弃”。［A］ PULL OUT 是“拔出，挖出”；［B］ INTERRUPTION 是“中断，打断”；［C］ DRAW IN 是“到站”。. `* W: C5 x9 r1 l
［A］ pull out 7 g& Q! \, d! U" U0 d6 N
［B］ give up
! { v6 o4 m1 _8 G0 D5 R ［C］ draw in / K1 q" {# g$ I) z
［D］ back down
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) e" ?5 S7 [2 G) h" t/ J" D, m30、 An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
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［注释］本题考查词义辨析。INTERVENTION 是“介入”。［A］ INTERFERENCE “干涉，干预”，［B］ INTERRUPTION 是“中断，打断”；［D］ INTERACTION 是“相互作用”。
. j& g5 Z7 O& O1 y& g1 E3 k& I! @ ［A］ interference
/ N5 L. w$ t" {* q/ A* k1 B4 M ［B］ interruption
5 H% x/ z0 d" E9 f1 _" r ［C］ intervention
# Y( I+ U% T) Q2 j) y4 ^) i ［D］ interaction 1 n$ \5 S o" u- i) r V
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31、 These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized theof higher education from the mid-1860?s to the mid-1880?s
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［注释］本题考查词义辨析。DOMAIN 是“领域，范围”。［A］ BRANCH 是“分支”；［B］ CATEGORY 是“种类，目录”；［D］ SCOPE 是“范围(活动的)”。
4 I0 l; D4 J* H8 C: } ［A］ branch 4 ?4 e: x7 \0 [) Z7 R
［B］ category
% X- ]0 N% ?0 A3 m ［C］ domain ' e) N0 F! p6 J7 u# @ h, G' _$ ^
［D］ scope : l Y: Q* S+ J# c% _6 R$ ^& h
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1 e/ m4 G, H. C' V" Y32、Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously thein the financial system will drag down the economy.9 y$ O2 @) j" I3 C0 H4 k1 Z) b
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【正确答案】
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2 B% E4 l# O2 ~6 s/ I［注释］本题考查一般的词汇知识。SHAKINESS 是“不稳定”。［A］ SHALLOWNESS 是“浅薄”；［C］ SCANTINESS 是“贫乏”；［D］ STIFFNESS 是“僵硬”。: H8 z9 n; t+ U# `$ H
［A］ shallowness " q' q/ a/ W8 \
［B］ shakiness
# X% R% F9 p: ` ［C］ scantiness & ]* Y, k9 c! m0 U& @0 v0 F6 ?
［D］ stiffness % R! j4 H8 y( s9 ?- v- S
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33、 Crisis would be the right term to describe thein many animal species.
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［注释］本题考查词义辨析。DECLINE 是“减少，下降”。［A］ MINIMIZATION 是“缩到最小”；［B］ RESTRICTION 是“限制”；［C］ DESCENT 是“降下，下降”。. _9 z8 }" F1 Q9 H+ a
［A］ minimization
; e9 d: }' h( K2 @ ［B］ restriction
, X& ]7 p) T" ~# @- } ［C］ descent 0 E! \, X/ p# @& t! X# U% } R5 {
［D］ decline
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34、The city is an important railroadand industrial and convention center.
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［注释］本题考查词义辨析。JUNCTION 是“交叉点”。［A］ CONJUNCTION 是“结合，联合”；［B］ NETWORK “网络”；［D］ LINK “连接，环节”。
! D: G' y' f' F! ]) k0 L, v* l+ o ［A］ conjunction ! d" F9 ?4 t7 r; W' U
［B］ network
0 `& U9 w: T* K$ ?+ e1 I+ @1 i ［C］ junction
8 v5 [0 i" H8 o$ c X" ?- D, _9 i! ?& @ ［D］ link 4 @# |' ~" N' N' }1 n. e
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35、 Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to myself of every chance to improve my English.+ U1 U) j m M2 C
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9 X' Y! X8 G' K+ t, P# E( ^【正确答案】
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+ f Q, y- U( Z' v［注释］本题考查词义搭配。AVAIL OF 是“利用”。［A］ ASSURE 是“使确信，向……保证”；［B］ INFORM 是“告诉，通知”；［D］ NOTIFY “通知”。
+ n" K" u, I2 P3 V( N; W ［A］ assure
/ L- f4 Y! P0 R: u3 e; Z9 P ［B］ inform
8 ]- [6 [2 f* W# U+ q* ~( U% q5 { ［C］ avail 5 P! E- K7 j8 @3 s
［D］ notify # I' c1 L# r# O, P% X
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% s# e( I) }: B- \# X7 t+ E" Z36、Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas thatdisease resistance in neighboring plants.
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B
% V; O. o! N+ k& i［注释］本题考查词义辨析。ACTIVATE 是“使激活，使活化”。［A］ CONTRACT 是“订约，承包”；［C］ MAINTAIN 是“维持”；［D］ PRESCRIBE 是“规定，开处方”。3 W; x, C) d# K. k4 c( g$ Z. W
［A］ contracts
# x& E) P5 F6 u" }% V ［B］ activates ) P7 v0 o5 { O A; d5 Y- c4 _3 W! K* N
［C］ maintains
) Y6 x' z- X4 m7 `; z6 q9 Q% m1 c ［D］ prescribes / b- Z$ z. v, c2 c1 s" f
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37、Corporations and labor unions have great benefits upon their employees and members as well us upon the general public.2 } z0 p% a& F' ]) \: `3 H
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［注释］本题考查动词与介词的固定搭配。CONFER UPON 是“给予，授予”。［B］ GRANT 是“同意，准予”；［C］ FLING 是“扔，掷”；［D］ SUBMIT 是“呈送，呈交”。! J; n# {3 X# V i, N* U7 J
［A］ conferred
8 c# P* v- Q4 h' s7 Y9 q/ E, J ［B］ granted 2 x3 u* J5 [, j0 g
［C］ flung
" }9 I' a' M0 N+ J9 D- A) q ［D］ submitted
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" L' a4 Y) `$ _8 j3 J38、The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was from one new moon to the next.
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【正确答案】
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［注释］本题考查动词词义辨析。RECKON 是“把……看作”。［A］ MEASURE 是“测量”；［C］ JUDGE 是“判断，审判”；［D］ ASSESS 是“评估”。
# D$ w7 l% S; q, I1 u" m ［A］ measured + c6 n+ q' b0 d
［B］ reckoned
: ?: r. E; G1 w ［C］ judged % }4 I2 A7 f. l- \: H; F1 C. A
［D］ assessed & b1 t6 I( Y# d2 V
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39、 The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it wasto the issue at hand.
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［注释］本题主要考查固定搭配知识。IRRELEVANT TO 是“与……无关的”。［A］ IRRATIONAL 是“不合理的”；［B］ UNREASONABLE 是“无理的”；［C］ INVALID 是“无效的”。" r( H% Y, B- j, s4 ^! k2 H
［A］ irrational 8 e* Z! T) h9 q
［B］ unreasonable
3 w% J8 `+ G' z1 N* J+ X j p ［C］ invalid
! B* ^1 \0 E0 S1 @ H ［D］ irrelevant 5 ?: K/ a: k& G u, i
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40、Fuel scarcities and price increasesautomobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.2 Q [+ Q2 N" }3 ^# c- i. j
# x R2 c6 S* Q7 Z, ]( R* N; l
（本题分值：0.5分）+ n- o0 N1 R+ C, O. R( {( I+ p
b& v [: J) D- l【正确答案】
1 x0 p2 V1 w& @B9 x5 }; }# P2 f4 ]
［注释］本题考查动词词义辨析。PROMPT 是“促使，激励”。［A］ PERSUADE 是“劝告”；［C］ IMPOSE 是“把……加强”；［D］ ENLIGHTEN 是“启发，开导”。( b4 }. e$ |2 y! `- J
［A］ persuaded / N9 W% ^% s) E$ `# b4 e
［B］ prompted " k' m0 ?7 Y& Q) E# L
［C］ imposed % @) O1 M. }8 s$ k4 C7 P
［D］ enlightened $ i- }8 L( w( d) ^8 z: }
Part ⅡCloze Test(每题1分，共10分)Directions:
" ~$ O2 @4 e: m2 Z3 ?; u# v6 nFor each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
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Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies (41)[] low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them (42)[] and active. When the work is well done, a (43)[] of accident-free operations is established (44)[] time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
9 Y5 h7 G5 T9 x# f7 Z1 u) Y. LSuccessful safety programs may (45)[] greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by (46)[] rules or regulations. (47)[]others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety (48)[]. The fewer the injury (49)[], the better the workman?s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at (50)[] or at a loss.
! q3 ?8 K4 W1 K8 G# Z) B+ O: _41、! f, f4 U2 c* o" F. x* V1 Z F
$ b M O! I7 O* }4 }6 W' [（本题分值：1分）
+ }' u. Y7 B; g6 x" J6 z2 `
# @9 E. n. G8 ~1 o+ S$ N' R# W0 B【正确答案】
. l& A. K8 x1 f. J- L( ND$ v+ V8 e" l; i4 \5 A; I6 t
［注释］本题考查介词用法。［B］IN和［C］ON与其后的RATES没有任何关系，构不成任何搭配，故［B］和［C］应立即排除。当谈到“速度”或“价格”时，RATE前面可以用AT。如：AT THE RATE OF 50 MILES AN HOUR或者 ORANGES ARE SOLD AT THE RATE A DOLLAR PER KILOGRAM. 在用作“比率”或“率”时，RATE前通常不加AT。如：THE RATE OF FINISHED PRODUCTS 成品率。本题中ACCIDENT RATE 意为“事故率”。选项［D］WITH可理解为“有”，“具有”，即“（具有）低事故率的公司”，所以应该选［D］。/ k3 G7 H. ] X: i6 M+ c/ |+ E9 q
［A］at - \: w3 |3 H3 {
［B］in / Q- y$ _' ^4 x5 M! T: W7 x3 l
［C］on % |) Y! b x& `- G- |: ~
［D］with
8 |1 ]) c6 R" Q5 @; O1 u) g9 }$ r5 S# d9 H
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42、［A］alive［B］vivid［C］mobile［D］diverse
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1 i% f; |. o8 L7 m（本题分值：1分）/ O) s: i- @7 O& L: ` m& d
$ Z1 P+ [' b8 D v# u9 V【正确答案】
6 R s0 R2 d9 [( i1 S/ b* F& X3 r MA
7 t& ~1 N% ]6 L, ~) q% Z( {［注释］本题考查固定搭配。KEEP SOMETHING ALIVE是固定词组，意为“使……继续有效，使……继续发挥作用”，用在文章中语义通顺。KEEP与VIVID（生动的）、MOBILE（移动的）和DIVERSE（多种多样的）都不构成固定搭配，故均应排除。5 C2 r' l( a- x% H5 f7 }
［A］alive : K [. s& A1 P; B. a) g$ v
［B］vivid M4 }) v9 V a# F" U: D
［C］mobile 0 v: Q `1 E# ~ E
［D］diverse ! p" q, l' P, f& @+ I- }" Z
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' m* p+ \. [4 v- e% k+ S z; M43、［A］regulation［B］climate［C］circumstance［D］requirement
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! ~ L" I% k, U- S5 e& p! O' _（本题分值：1分）( Z6 ]! p$ Q* B+ q) e; c3 b
& d( b0 U4 T' o3 w# ]+ B
【正确答案】% { ]3 R& x, o+ ^
B
5 u6 A( l) s3 ^6 E5 b［注释］本题主要测试一词多义知识。四个选项的意思分别为：REGULATION：规定；CLIMATE：气候，风气，气氛；CIRCUMSTANCE：情况；REQUIREMENT：要求。根据文章的意思应该选择［B］CLIMATE。. K5 u, T; f9 H; f: U" \- H
［A］regulation 9 P8 Q0 [7 m) l+ C& b& M3 \5 Q% d, ^
［B］climate ; V2 T* M! i7 @
［C］circumstance
' A% Q' z3 ~' u( W: u5 V, i ［D］requirement
6 `' w4 c6 A6 M& y2 l f. W: c+ s& G7 @& f
; b6 u0 \; ?# E6 x% ~5 @44、［A］where［B］how［C］what［D］unless# X% c" F7 h' A( Q: P# K6 s8 q4 U
5 w P5 @2 }3 S7 Y! W. Q8 A" d（本题分值：1分）
3 X7 l0 F6 ^" l: i2 N; t3 l6 b/ Z- m- x7 n! Q; ^. E- A+ W8 x
【正确答案】
7 J% H z0 w5 C5 W( ~! a9 i2 QA/ W. ~5 w" s$ F/ B
［注释］本题考查关系副词使用知识。本句开头说：当这项工作（低事故率的安全计划）的制定和实施出色完成后，无事故操作的气氛便形成了。无事故操作气氛的形成在低事故率的安全计划得到彻底实施的地方才能实现，所以四个选项在此处使用WHERE最为合适。- U8 a' Y( Q9 z8 A, v; T% F
［A］where
/ A3 R1 }2 T- N7 v" Y2 p3 ] ［B］how 5 B; p( H& ]' Q. }8 H* y7 w
［C］what
$ R9 G) t9 S" \8 D6 m7 f4 H ［D］unless 1 {: E: | W/ t$ K5 a* b' E; B
! \7 u& b3 W' y- U: i5 e
) V& \, O. R5 q45、［A］alter［B］differ［C］shift［D］distinguish
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' Z3 D* |& ]( M( D（本题分值：1分）
8 \3 m3 q! K) ?* c z8 O/ d' }2 T, V' p
【正确答案】, U. }, `# p- V2 F {
B& \; V- u" [4 P+ K( U* m: b
［注释］本题实际上考查动词与介词的搭配使用。［A］ALTER意为“改变”，为及物动词，后不接IN，故应排除。DIFFER IN意为“在……方面不同”，此处选［B］完全符合上下文意思。［C］SHIFT（替换，转换）通常与FROM ...TO ...连用。［D］DISTINGUISH意为“区别”，通常与FROM连用，DISTINGUISH A FROM B意为“将A和B区别开来”。
! @& g3 [0 G; H; B% y( v. ] o2 r ［A］alter & s. H, l# b7 x2 G
［B］differ
$ ^) O" j8 E* f ［C］shift 5 y* b F* p) u& ?. I. c" ], n
［D］distinguish ! p1 m- r. W0 X, B
7 I4 S, U" }! n/ s: S( \3 y$ f! i) a" `) S3 l
46、［A］constituting［B］aggravating［C］observing［D］justifying
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（本题分值：1分）
+ z) J/ ]7 @+ l* k6 I0 I, c
/ f# n3 {! T/ y% z5 V) i【正确答案】
6 ]1 b1 G6 \% N* g$ `. d9 CC1 ^3 b# M3 G' ]9 C4 L1 I# W7 B" ^
［注释］本题考查词汇的惯用搭配。RULES和REGULATION的前面通常使用OBSERVE，所以选项［C］OBSERVING正确。［A］ CONSTITUTING（组成，构成）、［B］ AGGRAVATING （使……恶化）和［D］ JUSTIFYING（证明……是公正的，认为……有理）都和空格后的RULES及REGULATION不搭配。
* j& L9 ?: a* c" B) f' D! \8 w ［A］constituting . @# p! `5 ?8 x3 v
［B］aggravating + }4 |- O/ ?9 D; X0 B% @
［C］observing
$ u, _4 T2 Z3 q/ ~# r6 l ［D］justifying 7 l c5 P9 B' o, a& g% w" a1 K
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|. w _- c% ]! x/ z, i. y
47、［A］Some［B］Many［C］Even［D］Still
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（本题分值：1分）
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. `" m) M% K- v* K$ ~【正确答案】
" k- P* v& k: E( F; u+ ^' ND
: }4 J* n. b& _1 x+ T6 j3 V, b［注释］本题考查连接词的用法。在空格前，文章说：有些人强调机械方面的校正和检验。有些人则强调遵守规章和法规以实施安全工作，显然下一句应该是“还有其他人”的别的主张，所以根据上下文应选［D］。
+ a! W, t8 L9 O% L" y7 G ［A］Some
4 l0 z$ h% S( f ［B］Many + J" ~5 l1 Y, ~% X2 J
［C］Even 2 V; c" D& i1 f8 V0 r ~
［D］Still $ d2 e8 K h. R% q9 V
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48、［A］comes off［B］turns up［C］pays off［D］holds up8 D# H/ @7 x0 S( J" F) T
4 U4 ?7 G, |1 e+ o5 r9 {* f3 ]（本题分值：1分）: I+ A3 X! V* K; u' W2 R
8 V4 d! C' c2 ?/ f |, w
【正确答案】* p' {" A. }7 R: f( `" S) G
C
f6 S( \: A; T5 O9 H［注释］本题考查动词短语知识。［A］COMES OFF（实现，成功）。［B］TURNS UP（开大，调大，出现，到来）。［C］PAYS OFF（使人得益，有报偿，付清……的工资），选项［C］的意思与上下文相吻合。全句意为“单从财政的观点上来看，安全是能使人得益的。”［D］HOLDS UP意为“举起，阻挡”也与文章的意思不符。
6 S* B( J! t* \( y( n- E2 v ［A］comes off ) p) r; Q+ j# F/ y
［B］turns up 1 V ]1 C) g! U/ ~1 Z% N2 W
［C］pays off
* u9 S$ |3 A( p! a* o( t7 R) u ［D］holds up 5 X2 O% z! T: A& ?) i
/ V+ h% I4 B: V6 W, Y; m2 Z" P
* D/ z p: C5 F% k9 K; ^49、［A］claims［B］reports［C］declarations［D］proclamations) {$ N. B; m4 k$ z, k/ k* z
8 }! D3 t& y( U M. O. H（本题分值：1分）
* z# m. N" K& Q C0 G) Q2 L ~7 t2 H9 z* c* m [* _5 K1 C
【正确答案】* P# [* @1 W% l: ^; M( d+ D8 g
A
$ y; {' e% s1 z* @0 C［注释］本题也是考查一词多义知识。［A］CLAIM意为“索赔，要求，声称”，与上下文的意思相符，故选［A］。全句的意思是：受伤害索赔越少，工人的安全保险率越高。［B］REPORTS（报告）、［C］DECLARATIONS（宣言，声明）、［D］PROCLAMATION（宣布，声明）都与上下文的意思不符，所以排除。
/ J! A% ]# K2 @) w- H: h" n) v* c+ y/ h ［A］claims
: J4 `6 y: g) c ［B］reports
9 y9 Q$ w9 @- e9 J9 i/ l ［C］declarations ( a8 P! b* v8 u. l* \6 B8 e( _
［D］proclamations
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50、［A］an advantage［B］a benefit［C］an interest［D］a profit
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（本题分值：1分）1 |$ S+ K+ s9 a
/ \6 j6 n0 R1 O% a e) j
【正确答案】
6 L; D) V8 s# k Z+ p8 N" t4 k6 UD1 s! D( J! m% S& W/ J6 L# K/ j
［注释］本题考查考生对英语中的一些常用习语的熟识程度。本句末尾的AT A LOSS是和AT A PROFIT对应的，故应选［D］。( p- K3 C. w$ b$ L/ g$ }5 T' A6 y
［A］an advantage
* b& i( j w) X ［B］a benefit . b. ?( o1 {: F# I: x/ ?
［C］an interest
7 _" Z$ i: Y0 N& l, F1 p2 M& d ［D］a profit
) V, O, Q' K/ K iPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension(每题2分，共40分)Directions:/ |9 {# a( V `. G) ~8 K; U) A
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)
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# [( }6 V( D3 f% _ U& ^5 m- x单项选择题! |; F' M$ x4 k2 H: _! m
' \1 I3 v5 K7 \0 q
/ f) \, S1 {( ^
Passage1: S. Y. e! ~/ Y' E6 @2 K4 Q. i$ X3 [
It?s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers? misfortunes.# p6 z5 W9 O! |
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child?s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”, j$ G% F4 c( J6 H
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regualtions, it isn?t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court." ^ r+ u0 L% U% Y! T, R. A
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn?t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who are paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We?re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren?t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ”says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete?s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
; h; ~% _, G4 L, H1 n51、 What were things like in the 1980s when accidents happened?
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（本题分值：2分）
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【正确答案】- y d& y+ h5 y' [
B" O8 [- C+ X4 b: d5 z1 f. X1 W' W! b5 U
［注释］这是一道细节题。本题为细节推断题，搜索全文，题干中“1980’S”仅出现一次，在第四行。“……THE EARLY 1980?S, WHEN JURIES BEGAN HOLDING MORE COMPANIES LIABLE FOR THEIR CUSTOMERS? MISFORTUNE” 意为“公司要为顾客的不幸负责”，故答案为B。
) g! x' i& y$ G! Y ［A］ Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
, d* p ]) b6 A: [" A ［B］ Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
9 l$ p U; @) o1 |7 o5 h( j, a8 k ［C］ Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. ' G6 G- T2 n6 }# e/ R
［D］ Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. 7 s0 z8 I! | M: v3 D8 s; f
C; S9 o/ v& o! d! h S
( V+ f" |4 k& l52、 Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to [].
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4 M1 ?) d* |- P- L& g9 T3 h- w3 |& V（本题分值：2分）: A, ?) ]4 L$ p- P' v, N
( }0 u; q* a6 R【正确答案】
) F- A$ Q$ U2 @0 r; ]9 m% l: yC
- |; c; H4 F% u3 K$ O9 q［注释］这同样是一道细节题。由第六行“FEELING THREATENED, ...POSSIBLE ACCIDENT.”推断可知答案为［C］。选项［A］易排除，因为公司不是为了“SATIFY”顾客，而是“FEELING THREATENED”，即它是害怕为顾客承担法律责任。2 Z8 p! c i8 j$ }0 i+ I
［A］ satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products 0 d9 H& Y }+ s, l- Q- n8 _2 s
［B］ become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products 2 q/ \2 ]/ d" Z1 |! P
［C］ make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
1 V& \: [- K* K6 @3 j" }/ A ［D］ feel obliged to view customers? safety as their first concern
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53、The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that [].
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4 \3 v8 b3 m* Z# g1 j" ]（本题分值：2分）# p3 P3 p! I& b$ y9 B1 M
0 R: B3 x! i/ M) i【正确答案】/ ]4 l; V( w: Z" H, [0 H
A
1 _) d4 _ k4 f" c. e" v& o, t［注释］这是一道逻辑细节题，问作者在文中援引SCHUTT头盔案例是何用意?典型的举例题型，一般来说，例子是为了说明前面的观点的。本题中“SCHUTT HELMET”案例在原文中的前几句话是LINE 14-15。观点是“一些法院开始支持被告即公司”，故答案为［A］。5 ~' ?5 I5 r$ C* [" u6 {
［A］ some injury claims were no longer supported by law
7 q+ K4 x5 y- ]8 r1 H& t i- T ［B］ helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
; k% @- [3 d$ l ［C］ product labels would eventually be discarded 2 O3 _9 {, p+ ?& l! ?' i
［D］ some sports games might lose popularity with athletes 5 |- B( {6 ], |2 h% {
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% O! N+ j1 e" g. D6 L54、The author?s attitude towards the issue seems to be [].+ h7 T. {1 f" e% M. F
+ c! E6 H8 ?% l H: ^, d（本题分值：2分）
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【正确答案】
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2 c8 z9 H% H3 \5 c+ E$ @3 {［注释］这是一道态度题，询问作者对这个问题的态度。作者态度题。本文作者只是客观的叙述事情刚开始是怎么样的，后来又发生了什么样的变化，没有掺入个人的观点。故为［D］。5 }5 ~1 o6 Q9 k8 Q9 r
译文 解读 外面的世界是危险的。如果你走出去，你有可能滑倒在门口的地垫上，摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉灶，你有可能烧毁整幢房子。如果地垫或炉灶上没有警告字样告诉你可能发生的危险，你或许可以幸运地就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。在20世纪80年代初期之前，陪审团开始认为更多的公司应该对他们的消费者遭受的不幸负责，也许自那时起人们就不再这样粗略地认为。 这是一篇叙述文。
$ K, B7 n! L8 M& d第一段指出80年代初以来，在个人受伤索赔案中，法庭总是倾向于让公司对其顾客遭受的不幸负责。 公司感到(赔偿的)威胁，便做出反应，写出的警告标签越来越冗长，以预测任何可能出现的事故。结果，现在的梯子上的警告标签达几英寸长，除了警告你可能发生其他的意外之外，还警告你有可能摔下来，这种警告真是莫名其妙；如儿童的蝙蝠侠玩具的斗篷上也警告说：本玩具“并不能使使用者飞行”。. w( v6 H3 s# E8 ]; u# ^$ q
虽然警示语常常是合理的和必要的，如有关药物的副作用可能产生的危害的警示语，而且许多是州或联邦法律要求的。但是，如果消费者受伤，这些警示语能否保护产销商免于责任呢？这还很难讲。因为当受伤的消费者把公司告到法庭上时，大约有50%的公司会输掉官司。 第二、三段指出面对这样的情况，公司写出冗长的警告标语，避免可能要承担的法律责任。 现在看来这种趋势正在有所改变。尽管人们依然还为产品所造成的人身伤害提出索赔，但有些法院已开始站在被告这一边，特别是处理那些即便是有警示语也无法避免伤害的案例时。五月份(美国)伊利斯州的SCHUTT体育公司被告，一位橄榄球队员戴了SCHUTT体育公司生产的头盔踢球时受伤瘫痪。该公司总裁JULIE NIMMMONS先生辩解道，“他瘫痪了我们非常难过，但是这种头盔设计时并不是用来防止这种伤害的”。陪审团也认为造成球员受伤的不是头盔，而是橄榄球运动本身(危险性)。公司因此胜诉。同时，美国法学会——该组织由一群举足轻重的法官、律师和学者组成——宣布的新民事侵害法中的纲要指出：公司没有必要向消费者警告显而易见的危险，或者就可能产生的危险向他们提供一个长长的单子。康奈尔大学法学院的一位参与新纲要起草的法学教授说，“重要的信息可能被埋没在浩如烟海的细节里。”如果该法律组织的这一不太过分的要求能得以实行，产品上提供的警示信息实际上可能是用来保护消费者利益的，而不仅仅是为了保护公司免除法律责任。 第四段指出情况发生了转变。一些法庭开始站到被告一边。
4 `& U. @/ \7 D2 T, D' J3 J; L ［A］ biased ' A9 w/ Q, S" o: i4 s# [3 J
［B］ indifferent ' F1 V p! J4 |) a- b6 z6 u! m0 q
［C］ puzzling 4 k0 G; W$ t9 m- m$ f
［D］ objective
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4 O, C0 I. D/ yPassage2
6 _6 `% n: C8 }) V9 o1 B/ t- q4 D* iIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they?re looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company?s private intranet.
/ r; R( P+ R/ M! i' `Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers? computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company?s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That?s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.- V0 }! g/ K) @4 d! w0 K ~5 b
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
! a% n0 g' J; B2 T+ k. p55、We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business [].$ Y1 E4 v0 h9 P$ ]+ V2 l" U
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【正确答案】( N$ [8 z2 t' `1 |& x1 J5 b% R
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［注释］这是一道细节题。由原文第一句话推知：WEB BUSINESS在尽力的扩大它的市场。［D］选项有迷惑性，仔细研究第二句话可排除。5 W, p! |8 }3 S/ t5 X- p
［A］ has been striving to expand its market
t6 y# \/ a5 N ［B］ intended to follow a fanciful fashion
/ m$ {( n/ d1 E, I ［C］ tried but in vain to control the market
/ }) ]7 M6 d+ Q ［D］ has been booming for one year or so
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56、Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that." p( x: F9 F9 E& a; Q+ k. w
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C
4 h6 }* p& [# k' R& f4 L+ L［注释］这是一道综合推断题。原文LINE 9 “ANOTHER MAJOR SHIFT...” LINE 11 “HOWEVER”揭示“战略从‘吸引顾客’转到了‘把信息推向顾客’”。
; w) X8 i4 O" c; U3 j6 [7 B ［A］ the technology is popular with many Web users % `+ s ]6 X1 {; @/ A6 W; D
［B］ businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions ! S: p) b/ C: L3 `6 H$ s2 w# C& ?
［C］ there is a radical change in strategy 4 S" {: A* D: c3 C& h
［D］ it is accessible limitedly to established partners 0 w" u. \& L+ d; a+ a
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; V h- J t, ]/ D6 Q& W* c. }57、 In the view of Net purists,[].) v. d0 A' s% f) W5 g6 _
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（本题分值：2分）
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［注释］这是一道细节题，问网络纯净主义者对“网上强推”持何态度。第三段最后三句话。将“THAT?S A PROSPECT THAT HORRIFIES NET PURISTS”前面的观点取反可知答案为［D］。
f& `' U, u, w3 H) w' ~% k4 W ［A］ there should be no marketing messages in online culture
. z f$ X' E) d9 T6 Y ［B］ money making should be given priority to on the Web 3 U/ }) T8 y+ A/ R! Q, F+ C
［C］ the Web should be able to function as the television set
h; s' z! Q0 Y6 Z7 |5 H. X- S4 v# |- w ［D］ there should be no online commercial information without requests
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6 |1 b+ ]9 m8 L/ C8 ?8 @% y58、We learn from the last paragraph that [].: h# W. u/ H7 D, o4 [0 i% X
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【正确答案】
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［注释］这是一道细节题。从最后一段所举的例子可推断知答案。“THE EXAMPLE OF ... SHOW THAT...WILL ATTRACT ONLINE CUSTOMERS。” 译文 解读 大约在网上交易的第一年中，大部分业务活动都是围绕着努力开拓消费者市场而进行的。最近，随着网络被证明不是一时的时髦后，公司间才开始在网上交易产品和提供服务。公司间的这种交易方式能行得通是因为商人一般都知道自己所需要的产品。 这是一篇议论文。
, U/ S& U8 [& _( v第一段指出商务活动主要是围绕着努力开拓消费者市场。 然而，许多公司由于怀疑网络的可靠性仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。FORRESTER研究中心的资深分析家BLANE ERWIN说，“交易双方需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的途径。”有些公司只向固定交易伙伴提供公司内部的局域网接点，它们通过这种在线交易方式来达到降低风险的目的。 第二段指出许多公司仍对网络的可靠性表示怀疑。 网络商业模式的另一个重大变化是营销策略的变化。直到最近，互联网上的销售活动主要是把用户“吸引”到自己的网站上来。然而，就在去年，软件公司开发出了新的技术，能让公司直接向用户“推销”信息——将销售信息直接传送给特定的用户。最突出的例子是POINTCAST网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以定制想要的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网站。像VIRTUALVINEYARDS这样的公司已经开始使用类似的策略将有关特价商品、产品推销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。但是，推销策略遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。网上文化珍视这样一个概念，即信息应传送给那些提出需求的用户。一旦商业广告不请自来地充斥了电脑屏幕，网络与电视就没多大差别了。这样的前景令网络净化者感到不安。 第三段指出网络商务模式发生的重大变化是营销策略从拉顾客进入网站转到直接推营销信息到目标消费者，但许多网民反感这种硬塞方式。 但是，网上公司完全可以避免使用“推销”策略来赚钱。VIRTUALVINEYARDS和AMAZON.COM(两个网站的名称)以及其他开拓者的例子表明：销售对路产品的网站，加上相互合作、礼貌周到、安全可靠这几方面恰到好处地结合起来，将同样能吸引网上客户。计算机的运算能力成本不断下降，这对于企事业单位在计算机上建立销售点是个好兆头。只要回顾一下过去5到10年的历史人们很可能会感到奇怪：为什么如此少的公司尝试在线服务呢? 第四段指出事实证明不用推的强行策略也可赚钱。# T4 o! @: e5 i+ r) a
［A］ pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
* Y. i* }# x' {* \6 E# e2 e* _' {& { ［B］ interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers % ~5 W' M3 P( j; I8 V* X- o1 G
［C］ leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
( F; V4 L+ |4 @% {- B ［D］ setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power / ^% E$ |- c/ b. ]8 V6 [+ r X
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An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students? career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
. F t6 G8 K" B$ v9 R1 ?/ FAn education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons redically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone?s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Compnter?education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.! H6 @2 t9 g' L* t+ d x7 B8 y
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well?developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.+ } A: ~4 W3 ]7 X2 b+ N$ C
59、The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is [].! w4 K0 r4 {+ z# i( ^
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【正确答案】
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［注释］这是一道综合判断题。从原文1—3行可知有两派观点，一种是“为学生的就业前景考虑”，一种是“教改需要”，所以答案为［B］。6 D1 P& K" Y# M
［A］ far?reaching
9 Z' U8 [& Z% t1 |* f0 c( O ［B］ dubiously oriented 9 t' h( m$ \$ N
［C］ self?contradictory . c& G1 h& f# N0 t9 p; R. W
［D］ radically reformatory
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60、The belief that education is indispensable to all children [].6 U1 Y; t# M# x
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［注释］这是一道细节题。原文 LINE 12—13 “WITH OPTIMISM..., EVERY ONE IS FIT TO BE EDUCATED.”& C% I$ o+ r' F
［A］ is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
; N6 a5 }: O6 g* x* k# H* N; B ［B］ came into being along with the arrival of computers
4 f, X1 J9 t6 _; M4 K5 U6 i |/ D ［C］ is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates $ R. G% Y) F. I( \, j6 N9 q
［D］ originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries 4 q( \9 k2 {$ I3 c7 H+ V* n
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61、It could be inferred from the passage that in the author?s country the European model of professional training is [].
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; u8 B; l7 S' _! k: ? T［注释］这是一道推断题。题干中“EUROPEAN”在原文中易定位，在第三段，注意第三段第三行的“HOWEVER”，可知作者是持否定态度的，故选［C］。
4 w4 w! `& R% @) B8 M& f' C ［A］ dependent upon the starting age of candidates 3 t- J# Y' q! g
［B］ worth trying in various social sections
2 V/ [: f$ B* i2 U$ p/ g& b5 r ［C］ of little practical value - q& s. F! ~/ l8 E
［D］ attractive to every kind of professional / [* U8 B5 Y$ a9 M8 T, U
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* p! K4 B, }' d# |7 I/ e62、According to the author, basic computer skills should be [].; Z2 c$ S+ n. z8 @! o0 f
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（本题分值：2分）
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0 M, o" h% [ u4 G2 v【正确答案】
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" {& b0 } e8 F) x! H［注释］这是一道细节题。本题考词汇。原文 LINE 29 “...BASIC COMPUTER SKILLS ARE ONLY COMPLEMENTARY TO...”。选项［A］中AUXILIARY 和 COMPLEMENTARY同为“辅助，补充”之意。 译文 解读 关于计算机课堂教学，在认识上存在着一条无形的界限，那就是有人提倡以此来增加学生的就业前景，有人则希望以此达到从根本上改革教育的目的。很少有人撰写文章来描述这一区别，或者更确切地说是矛盾，但是这一问题正是主张用计算机课堂教学这一运动的症结之所在。 这是一篇议论文。 第一段提出计算机教学是为了职业教育还是基本教育改革目的这个问题的分界线不明，并且没有引起足够的重视。 为了使学生获得一种工作的教育是职业教育，设立这种教育的目的与法律所要求的人都需要教育的目的截然不同。法律要求所有孩子在十几岁前接受教育的目的并不是单纯的为了增加他们的就业希望。然而，我们对一个美国公民的素质有一种既定的认识，（他们）认为：如果他不能充分地评价外界因素对其生活和幸福的影响，他的个性是不完整的。但是，情况并不总是如此，在法律规定所有孩子必须在校学习到某个年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些孩子的本性并不适合接受这种教育的。随着乐观思想在所有工业化国家的不断深入，人们开始接受每个人都适合受教育这一观念。主张计算机教育的人放弃了这种乐观主义认识，取而代之的是一种悲观的态度，这种悲观态度背离了他们本来应该有的乐观的观念。一方面是主张为普通教育而设立计算机课堂教学，另一方面是主张职业是目的，基于对以上两种目的的混淆，计算机教育的倡导者常常只强调计算机对就业前景的影响而忽视了其教育成就。 对适当的学生进行职业教育也有某些充足的论据。为了使孩子们具备将要从事的职业所需要的技能，很多欧洲学校很早就引进了职业教育这一概念。然而如果因此就坚持地认为只有这么多的工作在等着同样多的科学家、商人及会计师来做，就未免太自以为是了。况且，在像我们这样一个经济发展遍及很多地区，同时又有许多跨国公司的大国中，职业教育不可能培养出每一种职业所需要的足够的专业型人才。 第二、三段指出职业教育不同于义务普及教育。普及教育认为每个人都适于受教育，职业教育更强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽视教育成效，因而欧洲的职业教育模式不适用于美国。 但是，相对于为数不多的学生来说，职业培训有可能是必要的，因为假设其他条件相同，熟练的技能有可能是他们最后能否找到工作的决定性因素。目前所有使用的任何计算机的基本技能都是很简单的，学会使用各种软件不必花费毕生的时间。当然如果想成为计算机工程师，那完全是另一回事。掌握计算机基本技能最多只需要一两个月。不管怎样，计算机基本技能只能是一种想要成为专业型人员所需要的各种职业技能的补充。当然，应该看到，不管是普通学校还是职业学校，如混淆其目的，都不会从中受到益处。 第四段指出职业教育中，计算机基础技能只起到一种补充作用。2 ?' G' \; _! k
［A］ included as an auxiliary course in school
7 d9 O8 P2 R4 u4 u ［B］ highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
9 G7 G' u+ R( \9 d( G% Y) U ［C］ mastered through a life?long course
+ q& J, y# r, H6 U. Y& {! b ［D］ equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise
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Passage4
4 e" ^4 E- o- H4 j ]/ wWhen a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations.
' u) H/ K0 d* g tNBAC will ask that Clinton?s 90?day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
% \' }) A3 ]% zIn a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. ” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
. L9 U z0 e3 w$ [NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo?s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.” q6 `) z. }% e
63、 We can learn from the first paragraph that [].
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6 ^' Q* u& q b8 O- Q+ F; f【正确答案】- O4 D) D* z) e. r
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［注释］这是一道综合判断题。原文1—2行，CLINTON得到有关克隆的消息就宣布他反对克隆人，可得到答案［B］。
, e/ n8 g7 O$ R o9 t ［A］ federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans & [& v0 v/ n; _
［B］ the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning 2 Q2 ?% }" x8 h K% i" O0 x& J! C) X
［C］ NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
3 G: A% O$ M6 S5 ]- j8 y ［D］ the White House has got the panel?s recommendations on cloning : m) `1 B# t( J O9 R
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# ]! r1 w6 A# p6 [; P64、The panel agreed on all of the following except that [].
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［注释］这是一道是非判断题。本题为“EXCEPT”题型。第12、13行提到“THE PANEL HAS NOT YET AGREED ON...”。
6 _( q3 ^6 W. q) y# X6 K7 N$ } ［A］ the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
1 ~0 S* Z0 T) z# V+ A2 s9 {, O2 F ［B］ the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control 4 n' O* b; L& @
［C］ it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
; ^( g8 q2 b2 A1 V' A" k ［D］ it would be against ethical values to clone a human being 4 ?5 C% B( X: b
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65、NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because [].
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9 Z$ X8 D( S! Q【正确答案】
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［注释］这是一道细节题。细节题，较简单。原文21—23行提到了原因：法律已经对此作出了规定。, q/ j5 V+ v Z0 z6 N4 d, W% Q5 t3 V
［A］ embryo research is just a current development of cloning
8 c" V P/ n+ a( A: a" K2 A ［B］ the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
& B% \6 A& ~/ k3 u: y" x* A7 u/ |1 | ［C］ an embryo?s life will not be endangered in embryo research 5 ]+ {+ r" ?0 o! x+ I
［D］ the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law 9 n( ~' B4 z5 X* s. x8 `0 X
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& L: l4 G4 R$ | I66、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [].
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【正确答案】
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- ^# z0 |) C5 U" \6 e［注释］这是一道推断题。原文第25行“BUT THEY WERE DIVIDED ON...”可推断关于是否彻底禁止克隆人尚有分歧。故答案为［A］。
# E* h7 {7 `/ _0 U译文 解读 当苏格兰的一个研究小组透露三个月前他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速作出反应。他宣称他反对利用这种不同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验——尽管还没有人提出要这样做——他要求成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长SHAPIRO领导的独立专家小组，在90天内就克隆人研究方面的国家政策问题拿出建议，向白宫汇报。这个专家组名为全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会(NBAC)，它此后一直在积极热情地工作，集思广益，写下建议。在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的建议书达成了一致意见。 这是一个新闻体篇。9 o9 M/ k9 a2 \2 L$ Q- y
第一段指出克林顿政府对克隆羊的消息的反应不仅迅速而且强烈，并成立了一个专家小组，针对克隆人研究方面的国家政策提出建议。 NBAC将要求克林顿总统无限期延长有关联邦基金不能用来克隆人的90天禁令，并且将此立法。但NBAC委员们计划在提案的措辞上更为严谨以避免给克隆人体DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——因为在分子生物研究中这种研究属于常规研究课题。不过，这个专家组在一个关键性问题上尚未达成一致意见，即：是否建议立法，规定利用私人基金克隆人被视为犯罪行为。
: e% w' W( d/ S0 k0 v+ y* ^: a8 `在5月17日开会讨论的建议序言草稿中，SHAPIRO表示专家们已取得广泛的一致意见，认为“试图用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿是违背伦理道德的。”SHAPIRO在会议期间解释说，伦理道德上的质疑主要源于害怕对婴儿的健康产生危害。然后，专家们非正式地接受了几种一般的结论，虽然某些细节尚未定论。
2 X8 m B7 ]# ~! M/ v$ wNBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核来克隆婴孩的企图。因为现行联邦政府法律已经禁止使用联邦基金创造供研究用的胚胎(即出生前人类后代的最早阶段)或有意识地危害胚胎的生命，但NBAC的建议将不反对胚胎的研究。( d/ l) |! m* v; P, c
NBAC成员表示：他们呼吁由私人赞助的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核迁移来克隆人。但他们在是否进一步要求联邦以法律完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。SHAPIRO和大多数委员赞成对此立法，但在电话采访中透露，这个问题仍然“悬而未决”。 第二、三、四段提出了专家小组的建议和想法。
+ K0 h, _% ^3 @* W8 g ［A］ some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely 9 @& X4 x( }: L* _# m
［B］ a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time.
' Q5 p1 P2 x3 i. S: L% e: e' @ ［C］ privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC?s appeal
9 I6 M3 W( x; X ［D］ the issue of human cloning will soon be settled , Y" f: B c$ c9 b3 z3 S% e
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/ m( b/ `$ s- t+ b- YPassage54 Z' M" s6 V1 B
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn?t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.$ A( b; _9 Q: w( n3 n$ l { E3 \* {
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don?t have unpredictable things, you don?t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
5 E( _2 ]" }3 v8 D* K v, JIn talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I?ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuting a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said. “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.0 d2 t: M8 l8 @$ q. x% F$ G) e2 n
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect is managament to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”, V' f) f" \. b7 B6 K( n* w
67、 The author wants to proved with the example of Isaac Newton that [].
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［注释］这是一道逻辑细节题。本题又是“FOR EXAMPLE”题型，举例是为了说明第一句的观点：科学更依靠观察实验的人的有准备的头脑。
6 _5 v7 q5 A3 a! f ~; k ［A］ inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
4 |2 U" l% `) F1 J0 m0 Y ［B］ science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
" {& K( `! G6 l5 a( o* n* {9 F5 c* t ［C］ scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research 3 x/ q& U6 g+ i2 N& b3 B& \
［D］ unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research 3 `( k; X% S- L
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68、 The author asserts that scientists [].
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B
9 \6 O0 D7 |+ }# H) q; l; _［注释］这是一道细节题。原文第二段“UNPREDICTABLE”一词反复出现，意即科学家应该注意“不可预见的东西”，它是研究的本质。) L, U6 \9 ~( F- y" L. T8 j+ O5 W$ S
［A］ shouldn?t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought
! e L) j- E8 m0 ?8 u5 l/ U' r) | ［B］ shouldn?t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
$ R% K. V3 `2 M/ Z" p ［C］ should write more concise reports for technical journals
1 I2 C9 O1 \* j+ L1 U# _ ［D］ should be confident about their research findings
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! _0 \) H) H' x. Y; E _! A69、 It seems that some young scientists [].4 l, D& R4 v7 s
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/ f8 m! E1 J4 v5 X［注释］这又是一道细节题。原文第13—14行：年轻科学家喜欢用SCIENTIFIC METHOD来作为IMAGINATIVE THOUGHTS的替代品，而后者是作者所坚持的，可见年轻的科学家坚持SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
% M% F" E7 Y4 o( M0 K: e4 Y ［A］ have a keen interest in prediction
( |4 b. ]1 n0 A/ }3 B/ m4 a: d ［B］ often speculate on the future ; i4 B( U0 c* \5 o6 j: T4 x
［C］ think highly of creative thinking |' O6 u' D4 J( T
［D］ stick to “scientific method” 3 I* b) N0 n: h7 \9 @
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70、The author implies that the results of scientific research [].
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［注释］这是一道推断题。本题较难，是综合推断题。第22—23行可知MANAGEMENT喜欢认为研究总是能挣钱的，作者后面对此表示了怀疑，故答案为［A］。
( G7 X' T/ A# E9 a% i译文 解读 在实践中，科学与其说依靠事先准备的实验还不如说是依靠实验观察者有所准备的头脑。艾萨克·牛顿爵士通过对苹果落地进行研究发现了万有引力定律。多少个世纪以来苹果一直在许多地方落到地面上，成千上万的人也看到过苹果落地。但多年来牛顿一直对月球和行星绕轨道运行的起因好奇。是什么力促使它们处于现在的位置呢?它们为何不落到天空之外呢?苹果向下落到地上而不是向上飞到树上这一事实回答了牛顿长期以来一直对月球和行星所存有的疑问，月球和行星是苍天中更大的果实。& O0 J* u# |& J) T) F' x ]" U' E
有多少人考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢?然而牛顿就考虑过，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是喜欢思索。他的思想在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究不可缺少的一个重要特征。如果没有不可预测现象，就用不着研究了。科学家们在为科学杂志撰写千篇一律的报告时往往会忘记这一点，但是历史上这样的例子历历可数。 这是一篇议论文。5 ~& c3 S3 g, `5 Z2 M
第一、二段通过牛顿的例子说明，在实践中做实验的人的心理准备比实验本身更加重要。 在与一些科学家，特别是青年科学家交谈时，你可能会形成这样一种印象：他们找到了“科学的方法”——一种取代了想象思维的方法。我出席过一些科研会议，在会上曾经有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。这位科学家皱了皱眉头，看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够充分。”主管预算的人员说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见怎样?值得继续进行吗?你认为我们可以期待着什么呢?”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没想到他们会叫他做出臆测。
& b' z e5 F0 @/ e# E4 b( X当然，这似乎等于说：这位科学家已成了他自己论文的受害者。他们对实验结果所下的断言是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅令他们自己，而且也让工商管理部门相信其预测的准确性。如果实验完全按科学杂志报告中所陈述的那样按事先的计划去设计完成，那么管理部门可以期待研究成果用美元、美分来衡量，这完全是符合逻辑的。审计员们也完全有理由相信那些有明确目标，并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家没有必要分心，一只眼睛盯着现金计数器，另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。假如规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性像他们的论文反映的那样，令科学家们满意，那么，如果管理者们歧视研究者中的“怪人”，而喜欢“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，这也是无可指责的。 第三、四段指出一些年青科学家们往往忽视对不可预测现象的推测，以为科学方法可以代替创造性思维，缺乏创造性。这些不仅对科学本身不利，也误导了社会其他方面。
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［D］ are mostly underestimated by management & W7 M5 `8 F( J+ u( @
Part Ⅳ English Chinese Translation(每题2分，共10分)Directions:2 n _* a. P; ]/ u4 _: }
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points) " S0 V+ u3 k+ I
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(71) (While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.) Cauhgt in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered:it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.* ?( q" L7 d: p; Y/ g4 i
(72)(Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.) While history once revered its affinity to literature and phillosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(73) (During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.)7 D$ m6 h3 F2 u7 R: p
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74) (There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.) Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method”， frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.(75) (It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.)71、
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【正确答案】
& ?( Z9 [9 |, T% k几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
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1 P7 T1 F- T$ i% H6 o人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。; G2 N3 Y2 c$ E! h
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6 O/ C! n2 V* }% F8 G) _" i' @在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法， 充实了传统的历史研究方法。
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【正确答案】5 ~- P: O- [& I. _; S+ T& X3 ?* v
所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域具体适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
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2 ^" R# g, e! Y& H这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 i' A5 s! V& |
" Q: H- U' l# y8 {& H( ?8 SPart ⅤWriting(共15分)9 y q2 @/ Z4 W- W8 h
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A?Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.; |* Y* j! ^: H! H$ E
B?Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.9 q$ m" t$ h2 b4 s6 }2 Q5 F
C?Your essay should cover these three points:
9 x; M. j: y5 J ^1?Effect of the country?s growing human population on its wildlife. d; R2 S. c$ d* M& Z4 ~
2?Possible reason for the effect
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THE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
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