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2000年考研英语真题
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8 L4 }0 K, g. M0 H8 U/ A- r' fSection I Structure and Vocabulary Part A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979. [A] from [B] after [C] for [D] since The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D] Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [■] 1. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate ________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. [A] hearing [B] to hear [C] to be hearing [D] having heard 2. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ________ to find it locked. [A] just [B] only [C] hence [D] thus 3. Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent ________ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer. [A] to sunbathe [B] to have sunbathed [C] having sunbathed [D] sunbathing 4. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled ________ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on 5. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”. [A] which [B] where [C] when [D] that 6. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ________ out of the office. [A] went [B] gone [C] to go [D] would go 7. The roles expected ________ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. [A] of [B] on [C] to [D] with 8. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, ________ you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. [A] or [B] and [C] for [D] so 9. It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business. [A] rather [B] so [C] than [D] as 10. Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone ________ one. [A] getting [B] to get [C] gotten [D] get Part B Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example: A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products. Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C]. Sample Answer [A] [B] [■] [D] 11. Having isolatedA on a remote island, withB little work to occupyC them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spiritsD. 12. If the letter to be mailedA was placedB on the writing table an hour ago, it isC certain beingD there now. 13. The rulingA party could even lose itsB majority in the lower house of parliament, startedC a period of prolonged strugglingD. 14. The mechanisms atA work are manifestB in the tendency for such physical activity toC utilize the potentialD harmful constituents of the stress response. 15. InA the long run, however, this hurry to shedB full-time staff may be moreC harmful to industry as it is toD the workforce. 16. See to itA that you include inB the examination paper whateverC questions they didn’t know the answerD last time. 17. Most newspapers, while devotingA the major part of itsB space to recent events, usually manage to find roomC on the inside pages for articles onD some interesting topics. 18. One sign by whichA you are making progress in an artB such as painting or photography is thatC you begin to realize how much there isD to learn. 19. The ideal listener stays both inside and outsideA the music at the moment it is played and enjoyingB it almost as much asC the composer at the moment he composesD. 20. ContinuedA exposure to stress has been linked to worsenedB functioning of the immune system, leavingC a person more liable forD infection. Part C Directions:
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5 D: y9 X8 z% T3 g/ |2 \% m O' E; GBeneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Example: The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway. [A] vanished [B] scattered [C] abandoned [D] rejected The sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C]. Sample Answer [A] [B] [■][D] 21. He spoke so ________ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments. [A] bluntly [B] convincingly [C] emphatically [D] determinedly 22. France’s ________ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations. [A] assumption [B] consumption [C] presumption [D] resumption 23. The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, ________ an outburst of interest. [A] flared [B] glittered [C] sparked [D] flashed 24. His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties ________. [A] came off [B] came on [C] came round [D] came down 25. The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually ________ it in a profitable direction. [A] adapt [B] control [C] install [D] steer 26. The capital intended to broaden the export base and ________ efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution. [A] secure [B] extend [C] defend [D] possess 27. It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be ________ at the manager’s office. [A] declared [B] obtained [C] reclaimed [D] recognized 28. When I ________ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me. [A] woke up [B] took to [C] picked up [D] came to 29. The American society is ________ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment. [A] established on [B] affiliated to [C] originated from [D] incorporated with 30. I am not ________ with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live. [A] concerned [B] compatible [C] considerate [D] complied 31. At first, the ________ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality. [A] transaction [B] transmission [C] transformation [D] transition 32. When the committee ________ to details, the proposed plan seemed impractical. [A] got down [B] set about [C] went off [D] came up 33. ________ to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests. [A] Orientation [B] Access [C] Procession [D] Voyage 34. Mr. Smith had an unusual ________: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher. [A] profession [B] occupation [C] position [D] career 35. The mayor is a woman with great ________ and therefore deserves our political and financial support. [A] intention [B] instinct [C] integrity [D] intensity 36. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ________ to everyone. [A] speculation [B] attribution [C] utilization [D] proposition 37. The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs ________ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds. [A] renders [B] reckons [C] regards [D] relates 38. To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be ________, and display interest in the job. [A] swift [B] instant [C] timely [D] punctual 39. You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an ________ extra. [A] excessive [B] optional [C] additional [D] arbitrary
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& G4 G- Z3 ^7 a% C40. We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t ________ to the traffic jam of the busy city. [A] aid [B] amount [C] add [D] attribute Section II Cloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain41consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family42he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to44old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to45the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation46and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be47家. He must either sell some of his property or48extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low49of interest, but loans of this kind are not50obtainable. 41. [A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than 42. [A] only if [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since 43. [A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards 44. [A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose 45. [A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise 46. [A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels 47. [A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained 48. [A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek 49. [A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio 50. [A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequently Section III Reading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text 1 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.” 51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________. [A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal [B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before [C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors [D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________. [A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market [B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises [C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions [D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 53. What can be inferred from the passage? [A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride. [B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. [C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. [D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________. [A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry [C] improved business management [D] success in education Text 2 Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? [A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition. [C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene. 56. What does the example of India illustrate? [A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. [B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. [C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. [D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate. 57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________. [A] life has been improved by technological advance [B] the number of female babies has been declining [C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution [D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? * `) I6 ? B1 H j! c) Q. y, w: V
8 G8 H- E% q$ W) z% t/ Y[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution [B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution [C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature [D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere Text 3 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature. This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will. Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.” This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed? 59. This passage is mainly ________. [A] a survey of new approaches to art [B] a review of Futurist poetry [C] about merits of the Futurist movement [D] about laws and requirements of literature 60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________. [A] determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws [C] follow the new fashions [D] accept the principles 61. Futurists claim that we must ________. [A] increase the production of literature [B] use poetry to relieve modern stress [C] develop new modes of expression [D] avoid using adjectives and verbs 62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________. [A] based on reasonable principles [B] new and acceptable to ordinary people [C] indicative of basic change in human nature [D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature Text 4 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.” But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. 63. In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________. [A] under aimless development [B] a positive example [C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline 64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? [A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited. [B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs. [C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics. [D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values. 65. Which of the following is true according to the author? [A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. [B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. [C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. [D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. 66. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that ________.
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[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life [B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S. [C] the Japanese endure more than ever before [D] the Japanese appreciate their present life Text 5 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.” The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. 67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________. [A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices [B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power [C] its goals are spiritual rather than material [D] it is shared by the rich and the famous 68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________. [A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words [B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out [C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal [D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition 69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________. [A] they think of it as immoral [B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth [C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits [D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible 70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained ________. [A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically [C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spiritually Section IV English-Chinese Translation Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. Section V Writing 76. Directions: [A] Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words. [B] Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) [C] Your essay should meet the requirements below: 1. Describe the pictures. 2. Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures. 3. Suggest counter-measures. . k( C; t( J2 r7 z
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